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Evidence
Section 1:- Evidence that is difficult to explain any other way than using
the AGM Theory |
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Bok globules are small dense molecular clouds. The black points on the graphs on the right represent 11 Bok
globules. More massive Bok globules
are less dense. These graphs are
generated in Analysis of Bok Globules. We believe that this website is the first
publication of this relationship. According to the AGM Theory Bok globules are at the AGM
Exclusion Density. The average density
of their normal matter content should be related to radius by a line with the
gradient of the red line on the right.
This is explained further in Behaviour > AGM
Exclusion Density. The maths that predicts the gradient is in the Antigravity
Matter paper.
Prediction:- The average density of normal matter in all
approximately spherical Bok globules will be found to follow the same trend. |
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Globular clusters that are within 40kly of the centre of
the Milky Way are plotted on a graph on the right. Density Factor (an AGM Theory concept
related to density and described in the link below) increases with distance
from the galaxy plane. We believe that
this website is the first publication of this relationship. According to the AGM Theory globular clusters are moving
through the antigravity matter atmosphere as they orbit the Milky Way. An antigravity matter wind pushes their AGM
Boundary inwards and makes them denser.
Close to the galaxy plane the antigravity matter is orbiting as well
so the relative velocity is lower.
This is described further in the Antigravity
Matter paper. |
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1.3)
Elliptical Galaxies all appear to have the approximately the same ratio of
Normal Matter to Dark Matter. Spiral galaxies appear to
have varying amounts of dark matter.
Some have very little while others appear to be mainly dark matter
with few stars. However elliptical
galaxies have been found to all have a ratio of normal matter to apparent
dark matter of approximately 1:1 (source). According to the AGM Theory the normal matter in the core of an elliptical galaxy is dense enough to have completely excluded antigravity matter from the core. Therefore the average normal matter density of all elliptical galaxy cores is the same (and is the AGM Exclusion Density), and the antigravity matter density drop within all cores is the same (and is the deep space antigravity matter density). Therefore all elliptical galaxies appear to have the same ratio of normal matter to dark matter. This is explained further in Behaviour and the Antigravity Matter paper.. |
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1.4) Spiral
Galaxies appear to have Dark Matter Halos but Elliptical Galaxies do not. The apparent dark matter
associated with a spiral galaxy is often spread out in deep space around the
galaxy in a halo. However the dark matter
in an elliptical galaxy appears to be located close to the normal matter of
the galaxy. (source) According to the AGM Theory the majority of the extra
gravity of a spiral galaxy is often caused by the antigravity matter vortex
driven by the rotating disc. This give
the impression of a dark matter halo spread out around the galaxy. An elliptical galaxy does not have an
antigravity matter vortex because it is not rotating. This is explained further in Behaviour
and the Antigravity Matter paper. |
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1.5) Pulsar
Kicks do not occur in Globular Clusters. Pulsar kicks do not appear to occur in supernovae that are in globular clusters. This is referred to as the “neutron star retention problem”. (source) According to the AGM Theory pulsar kicks are caused by flows of antigravity matter. There is no antigravity matter within globular clusters because they are at or above the AGM Exclusion Density. Two pathways for the development of supernova remnants are described in Behaviour > Supernova Remnants – Ring and Behaviour > Supernova Remnants – Spherical. Globular clusters are described in Behaviour > Phase Change Prediction:- · Pulsar kicks also do not occur in the cores of elliptical galaxies and in the centres of dense spiral galaxy cores. |
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1.6)
Attempts to detect Dark Matter on Earth have been unsuccessful. Many attempts have been made and are being made to detect dark matter directly by means that do not depend on gravity, for example CRESST (source). However no dark matter particles have ever been conclusively detected. The most recent negative result has been from LUX (source). According to the AGM Theory there is no dark matter. The nearest significant density of antigravity matter is in the order of light years away. Predictions:- · Experiments to detect dark matter on Earth will continue to produce negative results. · A particle will be discovered to have positive mass and negative weight. This will not necessarily be a new kind of particle. It may be that antigravity matter particles are already well known. |
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The image on the right is from source. It shows the cumulative mass profile of galaxy cluster Abell 1689. It shows that at the outer extremities of the cluster the apparent cumulative mass of the cluster reduces with increasing distance from the centre of the cluster. |
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According to the AGM Theory galaxy clusters displace antigravity matter dynamically. The chaotic motion of the galaxies sweeps antigravity matter outwards. The reduction in density in the centre appears to cause a gravity field. The displaced antigravity matter piles up around the outside of the cluster creating a region where density is greater than the background density. An observer who assumed that the gravity field was caused by gravitationally attractive dark matter might interpret the effect of this outer region as being caused by a region of negative mass dark matter. This is explained further in Behaviour Predictions:- Spiral galaxies and galaxy clusters are all surrounded by
regions which appear to contain negative mass dark matter such that the
gravitational effect of their dark matter halo is cancelled out at large
distances. This effect does not apply
significantly to elliptical galaxies because they do not displace much
antigravity matter dynamically. |
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Evidence
Section 2:- Evidence that is consistent with the AGM Theory but other
Explanations may have been suggested |
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The original evidence for dark matter was that galaxy discs were observed to orbit far faster than they would if they were under the gravitational influence of the observable matter in the galaxy. An example is Andromeda (right, source). According to the AGM Theory these gravitational effects are not caused by the presence of dark matter. They are caused by a local reduction in the density of antigravity matter. (See Behaviour and the Antigravity Matter paper.) |
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Unlike normal matter, dark matter does not appear to fall to a dense point at its centre of gravity. For example the graph on the left represents the apparent density / radius relationship of dark matter in and around galaxy cluster Abell 1689. This graph is generated in the Repulsive Dark Matter paper. According to the AGM Theory there is no dark matter. The gravity that has been attributed to dark matter is actually caused by a local reduction in the density of antigravity matter. The density of antigravity matter cannot go below zero. This sets an upper limit on the possible apparent density of dark matter. Prediction:- There is an upper limit to the apparent density of
dark matter. |
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The apparent density / radius relationship of dark matter in and around galaxy cluster Abell 1689 is shown in the graph above. According to the AGM Theory in Abell 1689 the density of antigravity matter follows the curve shown on the right. This graph is generated in the Antigravity Matter paper. The curve has been produced by inverting, factoring and transposing the apparent dark matter density curve above. The antigravity matter density reduction is caused by an antigravity matter vortex as described in Behaviour > AGM Vortex. The shape of the curve, particularly the reduction in gradient at low radius, is what would be expected from a vortex driven by the rotation(s) of the cluster. Further correlation with the AGM Theory is in the results of the same analysis done with the Coma Cluster shown in the Antigravity Matter paper. |
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2.4)
Acoustic Peaks in the Cosmic Microwave Background and the Distribution of
Normal Matter in the Universe Acoustic peaks have been detected in the Cosmic Microwave Background (“CMB”) by many experiments, the latest and most accurate of which is the Plank Surveyor (source). These acoustic peaks have been attributed to the interaction between dark matter, photons and baryons in the early universe. Regular periodic fluctuations in the density of normal matter have also been detected in the universe by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey team (source). This phenomenon is referred to as the Baryonic Acoustic Oscillation (“BAO”). It has been attributed to the collapse of slightly over-dense regions in the CMB universe due to gravity. According to the AGM Theory the early universe contained mostly antigravity matter, not dark matter. However in the early universe the effect of pressure dominated the effect of gravity or antigravity. Therefore the proposed mechanism for the creation of the CMB acoustic peaks applies equally to a universe with antigravity matter as it does to a universe with dark matter. Furthermore the AGM Theory provides two additional mechanism by which these early fluctuations created large scale variations in density in the current universe. These are:- · Antigravity matter naturally separates from normal matter and provides an additional gravitational effect pushing the normal matter objects together. · Antigravity matter drag reduces the kinetic energy of normal matter particles and orbiting normal matter objects. The stages of development of the early universe are described in Behaviour > Early Universe. This explains why galaxies appear to be arranged in enormous formations of sheets and strings with vast apparently empty spaces in between. |
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Spiral galaxies are common in the universe. However many simulations of gravitationally
bound matter do not produce core-and-disc shapes or spirals. An example of this is shown in Galaxy
Simulations.
Another example is the Bolshoi supercomputer simulation which is
described here [Bolshoi
paper] with more results here [Bolshoi
results].
The image on the right is from that simulation. No spirals are apparent. However other simulations do produce shapes like spiral galaxies. For example:- [ERIS results], [ERIS paper], [AREPO results], [AREPO paper]. According to the AGM Theory real spiral galaxies are produced by antigravity matter as described in Behaviour > Rotating Galaxy and as demonstrated in Galaxy Simulations. However spirals can be produced in simulations without antigravity matter if gravitational softening is used. Gravitational softening is a mathematical technique that is described for example here. It has the effect of reducing simulated gravitational forces at short range. Unfortunately this makes a simulation unrealistic. The ERIS simulation includes gravitational softening with a softening length of 120 pc. The AREPO simulation has a more dynamic gravitational softening approach. Predictions:-
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The star Mira is particularly large, is moving particularly quickly and has a 13 light year long tail of stellar material (source). According to the AGM Theory this is caused by drag as Mira passes through antigravity matter. Mira is a binary system with a red giant star being stripped of matter by its partner (source). This results in a continuous supply of stellar material into space outside the AGM Boundary of either star. It is this material that is exposed to the antigravity matter wind and pulled out into the tail. |
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The galaxy on the right is IC 3418 in the Virgo Cluster. It
has a tail that contains clusters of massive young stars (source). According to the AGM Theory antigravity matter drag affects interstellar molecular gasses and dust more strongly than stars. A high speed antigravity matter wind is blowing on the galaxies. The tails are caused by the antigravity matter wind stripping the interstellar matter out of the galaxy. This matter then coalesces and collapses to form new stars in the tail. The second tail behind Abel 3627 is probably caused by a smaller galaxy which is orbiting the larger galaxy. As they both move through the antigravity matter the smaller galaxy’s tail takes the shape of a helix. |
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According to the AGM Theory antigravity matter drag affects molecular clouds more strongly than stars. The Magellanic Cloud galaxies are pushing through antigravity matter as they orbit the Milky Way. The Magellanic Stream is caused by antigravity matter drag scouring the molecular clouds out of the Magellanic Cloud galaxies. |
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According to the AGM Theory an antigravity matter wind is blowing from left to right in the image. Dense normal matter objects are less affected by the wind than diffuse clouds. The antigravity matter wind is deflected by the dense objects as shown in the diagram below. Molecular clouds that are in the wake region of the dense objects are partially protected from the wind.
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According to the AGM Theory an antigravity wind is blowing past the protostar from right to left in the image. Gas and dust clouds are more affected by the wind than the protostar. They are dragged out into a tail. |
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The Guitar Nebula is shown in the far right image. At the head of the guitar is a fast moving slow spinning neutron star, PSR 2224 + 65. (one source and another source). According to the AGM Theory the shape of the Guitar Nebula is built up as shown on the right. The toroidal vortex consists of antigravity matter mixed with gas and dust from the supernova. Momentum is conserved as the vortex is kicked in the opposite direction to the pulsar by antigravity repulsion. Further correlation with the AGM Theory is in the fact that this is a slow spinning pulsar, and that this (Spherical) pathway has generated one of the fastest moving pulsars known. According to this explanation of the Guitar Nebula the kick would have occurred around 150 years ago. Note that this would not have been the time of the supernova. The kick occurs many years (possibly thousands of years) after the supernova event. The mechanism for this is described in more detail in Behaviour > Supernova Remnant - Spherical. Predictions:-
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Molecular clouds sometimes have clearly defined surfaces and exhibit shapes that are reminiscent of one opaque liquid within another immiscible transparent liquid. For example the image on the right is a section of the Carina Nebula (source). According to the AGM Theory molecular clouds like those in the image to the right are at the AGM Exclusion Density. They have excluded antigravity matter from within but are contained by the antigravity matter around them. This gives them their sharp edged appearance. They are examples of the liquid-like AGM Excluded Phase as described in Behaviour > Phase Change. |
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According to the AGM Theory both the clouds and the tails consist of molecular gasses and dust. The clouds on the left are both at about the AGM Exclusion Density. They have excluded antigravity matter from within but are contained by the antigravity matter around them. This gives them their sharp edged appearance. They represent the liquid-like AGM Excluded state as described in Behaviour > Phase Change. However the antigravity matter is also flowing past them from bottom left to top right in the image. It is tearing them apart and producing a trail of many much smaller pieces of molecular matter. On average this trail is below the AGM Exclusion Density and represents the gas-like AGM Mixed state. The turbulence of the antigravity matter wind blows the trail into shapes reminiscent of smoke. A higher resolution image of one of these molecular clouds is here (source). In this image the cloud can be seen to be being torn into smaller pieces and also converted into the lower density smoke-like form. The energy density of deep space radiation is very low as we can observe because inactive deep space objects become cold. Consequently molecular clouds are not usually re-ionised by deep space radiation. |
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On the right is 2MASX J00482185-2507365 the nearer galaxy can be seen to be surrounded by a rim of dark molecular clouds which are only visible because by chance it is silhouetted in front of the farther galaxy. (source) According to the AGM Theory molecular clouds are being stripped from between the stars within the galaxy discs and blown outwards in the galaxy plane by the antigravity matter wind caused by the rotation of the galaxy. The clouds then coalesce and collapse to form new stars. This is described in Behaviour > Rotating Galaxy. |
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Interstellar molecular matter in the vicinity of the sun is moving away from the centre of the galaxy as shown on the right (source). According to the AGM Theory molecular clouds are being
transported outwards by the flow of antigravity matter within the Milky Way’s
antigravity matter vortex as described in Behaviour > Rotating
Galaxy. |
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According to the AGM Theory the blue ring is caused by antigravity matter vortices. An image from a laboratory demonstration of this is shown on the right. The full MPEG of the demonstration is shown at Vortex Collision. Before the collision the two galaxy clusters were rotating and had generated two enormous antigravity matter vortices by the mechanism described in Behaviour > AGM Vortex. The two clusters and their two antigravity matter vortices were possibly rotating in opposite directions. Many smaller antigravity matter vortices have splashed out from the collision as demonstrated in that MPEG. |
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According to the AGM Theory The areas of lensing are caused by two antigravity matter vortices as described in Behaviour > AGM Vortex, not by dark matter. The two vortices of the two clusters may have passed straight through or may have splashed outwards and then decayed. This depends on the relative directions of rotations of the two clusters. However the galaxy clusters have passed straight through, have continued to rotate and have re-created their vortices to give the gravity distribution observed. The vortex of the cluster on the right appears to be pulling on the pink plasma cloud like a whirlpool in the surface of a liquid. |
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2.12) The
Correlation between Pulsar Kick Direction and Pulsar Spin Axis There may be a correlation between Pulsar Kick direction and Pulsar spin axis. (source) According to the AGM Theory pulsar kicks are caused by flows of antigravity matter. The Ring pathway in Behaviour > Supernova Remnant – Ring describes a mechanism by which Pulsar Kick direction will be linked to the Pulsar spin axis. |
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Several supernova remnants contain pairs of rings. The best example is SN 1987a on the right. According to the AGM Theory the outer pair of rings is caused by opposing toroidal vortices of antigravity matter. A pathway for the development of a pair of rings is described in Behaviour > Supernova Remnant – Ring. Further evidence of antigravity matter is provided by the fact that the outer rings are slightly offset from the inner rings. This demonstrates that the supernova core is moving through the antigravity matter, thereby generating a background antigravity matter wind which has blown the outer rings sideways. |
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2.14) Dust
Fingers Pointing inwards towards the Centre of Ring Nebulae Many supernova remnants are in the shape of a ring. Most ring nebulae contain fingers of remnant material pointing inwards towards the centre of the ring.. According to the AGM Theory ring nebulae and their fingers
of remnant material are caused by flows of antigravity matter as described in
Behaviour
> Supernova Remnant – Ring. |
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2.15)
Example Galaxies can be interpreted using the AGM Theory. According to the AGM Theory interpretations of several galaxies are included in Evidence > Galaxies. |
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A string of stars appears to be connected to the core of NGC 3628 on the left. (source). According to the AGM Theory a rotating galaxy produces a vortex in the surrounding antigravity matter. If two adjacent galaxies are rotating in the same direction and close to each other’s axes their two vortices can join up so that the combined vortex stretches from one galaxy core to the other. As the vortex circulates it reduces the density of antigravity matter along its axis. This generates gravity and captures normal matter objects. This is described in more detail in Behaviour > Antigravity Matter Vortex. A connecting vortex is a temporary feature that breaks and reforms regularly as the galaxies orbit each other. |
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Some young stars are orbiting the
Milky Way galaxy slower than older stars in the same neighbourhood. This causes them to follow elliptical paths
(source). According to the AGM Theory mature stars are in an approximately circular orbit around the galaxy with velocity represented by vector A. Stars shed gas and dust during and at the end of their lives. This material cools and forms molecular clouds. The clouds are slowed and swept outwards by the antigravity matter wind with velocity vector B. Molecular clouds coalesce and collapse to form new stars which are not so strongly affected by the antigravity matter wind. Initially these young stars have the velocity of the molecular clouds which formed them. However with time they follow an elliptical orbit as shown by C. After some time the antigravity matter drag reduces their orbital energy and radius but also makes their orbit more circular as shown by D. |
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The image on the right is Wolf-Rayet star W136 inside the Crescent Nebula NGC 6888. The nebula is 25 light years across. Stars like this blast a large proportion of their mass into space over a period of several thousand years. In this image hydrogen is pink and oxygen is blue (source). It can be seen that the hydrogen and oxygen have partially separated. If these gasses were on ballistic trajectories we would not expect them to separate. If the gasses were in an atmosphere governed by internal pressure and temperature then we might expect the hydrogen proportion to increase with altitude and we would not expect a sharp change in ratios. If the gasses were colliding with an interstellar medium of normal gasses we would expect to see a single turbulent and well mixed shock front. According to the AGM Theory the average density of the combined nebula and central star is less than the AGM Exclusion Density. The AGM Boundary of the central star is inside the nebula. The gas clouds are expanding from the central star and are pushing through antigravity matter outside the central star’s AGM Boundary. Antigravity matter particles rarely collide with the normal matter atoms and molecules. However on a scale of light years the effect of these rare collisions becomes significant. Over a significant proportion of the radius of the nebula the gasses flowing out from the star therefore feel a gentle drag as a result of atomic level collisions with antigravity matter particles. Oxygen atoms are less affected by the drag because they have more mass so they have covered a greater distance from the star. 2.19)
Collision of Oxygen with the Interstellar Medium but no sign of Hydrogen In the image of the Crescent Nebula NGC 6888 above the
hydrogen and oxygen are emitting radiation which allows us to detect
them. If the emissions are due to them
colliding with an interstellar medium containing hydrogen then we would
expect to see hydrogen emissions co-located with the oxygen emissions. According to the AGM Theory the oxygen is colliding with antigravity matter. |
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On the right is IRAS 05437+2502 (source). There is no apparent source of illumination
for the bright inverted V in the centre of the image. According to the AGM Theory the clouds are moving approximately vertically upwards in the image relative to and through the antigravity matter. They experience AGM drag and slow down, but the densest regions of cloud retain their speed longest and create peaks of material looking like mountain tops. Where the cloud is moving very fast there is mixing between normal matter and antigravity matter particles at the cloud’s AGM Boundary. Molecules of gas collide with antigravity matter particles. They are briefly ionised and emit light as they re-combine. The cloud surfaces facing in the direction of relative movement glow brighter than other surfaces, and the fastest moving regions glow brightest. The result is that the cloud looks as if it has been illuminated from above but there is no visible source of illumination. |
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Some supernova remnants feature clouds of heavier element outside clouds of lighter elements. An example is shown on the right and described here. The elements would have been arranged the other way round with the heaviest on the inside within the precursor star. According to the AGM Theory the gas clouds are expanding from the supernova and are pushing through antigravity matter outside the star’s AGM Boundary. Antigravity matter particles rarely collide with the normal matter atoms and molecules. However on a scale of light years the effect of these rare collisions becomes significant. Over a significant proportion of the radius of the nebula the gasses flowing out from the star therefore feel a gentle drag as a result of atomic level collisions with antigravity matter particles. Heavier atoms are less affected by the drag because they have more mass so they have covered a greater distance from the star. A similar mechanism affects Wolf-Rayet star W136 described below.
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Links to simulation results and further explanations:- Galaxy simulation introduction, Galaxy simulation – 3 clusters |
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© Copyright Tim E Simmons 2009 to 2018. Last updated 8th April 2018. Major changes are logged in AGM Change Log. |
The
image on the right is from 
Note
that the orbital velocity profile is fairly flat in the galaxy disc.
However
according to the AGM Theory there is no dark matter.
This galaxy on the left is in 
The
This
image shows a section of IC 1848, the Soul Nebula (
This image
is 
These
two labelled molecular clouds in the Carina Nebula (
On the left is the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy,
M83, the light blue objects are stars and the pink objects are molecular
clouds.
The
blue ring on the left shows the distribution of gravitational lensing effect
around a galaxy cluster. This has been presented as evidence of a ripple of
dark matter splashing outward from two colliding galaxy clusters (
The image on the right shows the
Bullet Cluster which again consists of two colliding galaxy clusters.
There appears to be a string of stars
connecting the cores of galaxies NGC 5216 and NGC 5218 in Keenan’s system on
the right (
